Assignment: Compare the two FTIR spectra of PP and explain the reasons leading to the change in PP with reference to the evidence from the spectra.

Requirements:

In this assignment, you need to include the followings:

Compare the two FTIR spectra of PP and explain the reasons leading to the change in PP with reference to the evidence from the spectra. (7 marks)
And hence, predict the mechanical and thermal performance of the new composites made with this batch of PP. (2 marks) Justify your answer using any stress-strain and thermal analysis curves. (6 marks) changes of composites, propose
To help evaluate the performance a series of laboratory tests needed to characterize the materials with consideration of the following points below. In addition, state the purpose for each of the proposed tests. (15 marks): Flow properties of PP melt as PP will be melted during composite making. Thermal properties of the composites, Mechanical properties of composites

List the relevant test parameters clearly, e.g. sample size and dimension, temperature, speed, torque, any ASTM, etc.

What we score:

71%

Our Writer’s Comment

This assignment is designed to assess students’ understanding of business practices.

To secure an A+ grade, adhere to these guidelines and make sure your work aligns with the grading criteria:

Question (a): Identifying a Business Question (15 marks)

Here, you’re asked to define a business question that can be addressed using the dataset. Your business question should be specific and tied to the available data.

Example Business Question: “Which neighbourhoods in New York City have the highest average Airbnb listing prices?”
Data Fields: Use fields like price, neighbourhood, and room type to answer the question. For instance, the price field gives the listing price, while neighbourhood helps identify geographical trends.

Tip: Be concise but clear. Stick to one business question and explain how specific data fields will help answer it. Use about 140-150 words, so you don’t exceed the word limit.

Question (b): Summary of the Dataset (15 marks)

In this section, you need to provide a classification of each data field (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio) and summarize the dataset with relevant measures.

Classification Example:
- Listing ID: Nominal (used for identification, no order or meaningful difference between values)
- Price: Ratio (has a true zero, and differences between values are meaningful)
- Neighbourhood: Nominal (categorical variable without inherent order)
Summary Measures: For numerical fields like price, compute summary statistics like the mean, median, and standard deviation. For categorical variables like neighbourhood, list the most common categories or the count of listings per neighbourhood.

Tip: Create a simple table to show your classifications and summary measures. This makes your presentation clear and organized.

1. Compare FTIR Spectra of PP (7 marks)

The first part of your assignment asks you to compare the two FTIR spectra and explain why there are changes in the PP.

Step 1: Identify Key Peaks: Start by identifying the key peaks in both spectra. What functional groups do these peaks correspond to? Common PP peaks are associated with C-H stretching, bending, and rocking.
Step 2: Analyze Changes: Look for changes between the two spectra. For example, are any peaks missing, or are there new peaks in the modified PP? These changes could indicate oxidation, degradation, or additives in the new batch of PP.
Step 3: Explain the Changes: Once you identify the changes, explain what they mean. For example, an increase in oxidation-related peaks might suggest degradation due to thermal exposure or processing conditions.

Tip: Focus on what is causing the changes in the PP. Are the changes due to chemical modifications, contamination, or processing conditions? Tie your analysis directly to the evidence from the spectra.

2. Predict Mechanical and Thermal Performance (2 marks)

Here, you need to predict how the changes observed in the FTIR spectra will affect the mechanical and thermal properties of the composite.

Mechanical Performance: If the PP has undergone oxidation or degradation, it’s likely to become brittle, leading to lower tensile strength and impact resistance. On the other hand, if additives were introduced, it could enhance properties like toughness.
Thermal Performance: Degradation or chemical changes could reduce the thermal stability of the PP, resulting in a lower melting point or a narrower processing window.

Tip: Use the changes in the spectra to support your predictions. For example, if the spectra show evidence of cross-linking, the composite might have improved thermal stability but could become brittle.

3. Justify Predictions Using Stress-Strain and Thermal Analysis Curves (6 marks)

Here, you need to connect your predictions to specific stress-strain and thermal analysis curves.

Stress-Strain Curves: If the PP has undergone degradation, you might expect a stress-strain curve with a lower elongation at break and a steeper initial slope indicating higher brittleness.
- Compare these characteristics with your predicted mechanical properties. If your composite is expected to be more brittle, the stress-strain curve will show lower ductility.
Thermal Analysis (TGA/DSC): For thermal properties, use a TGA curve to show how the weight loss profile changes with temperature. A degraded PP might show early decomposition at lower temperatures. A DSC curvecould also reveal changes in the melting point and crystallization behavior.

Tip: Include clear references to what the curves represent. For example, a shift in the melting point on a DSC curve can indicate changes in the polymer’s crystalline structure due to degradation.

4. Propose Laboratory Tests (15 marks)

You’re asked to propose a series of laboratory tests to evaluate the flow properties, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the composites. Here’s how to structure this part:

a. Flow Properties of PP Melt:

Test: Rheometry or Melt Flow Index (MFI) testing.
Purpose: This will help assess the flowability of the PP melt during processing. It measures how easily the PP flows when melted, which is crucial for manufacturing consistency.
Test Parameters: You’ll want to specify the temperature (e.g., 230°C), the load applied (e.g., 2.16 kg), and follow standards like ASTM D1238.

b. Thermal Properties of Composites:

Test: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
Purpose: TGA measures the thermal stability of the composite by observing weight loss with temperature, while DSC measures the melting point and crystallization temperature.
Test Parameters: Specify the heating rate (e.g., 10°C/min) and the temperature range (e.g., 30°C to 600°C). ASTM standards like ASTM D3418 (for DSC) are relevant.

c. Mechanical Properties of Composites:

Test: Tensile Test and Impact Test.
Purpose: The tensile test evaluates the strength and elasticity of the composite, while the impact test measures toughness.
Test Parameters: For the tensile test, specify the sample size (e.g., dog-bone shaped specimen), strain rate, and the ASTM D638 standard. For the impact test, specify the type of impact test (e.g., Charpy or Izod) and dimensions per ASTM D256.

Tip: For each test, explain why it’s important. For example, flow properties are crucial for predicting processability, while mechanical properties will determine the performance of the final product in use.

General Tips to Improve Your Score:

Use Evidence: Back up your explanations with clear evidence from the FTIR spectra and curves. The more specific you are, the better.
Be Specific About Tests: Clearly define the purpose and parameters of each proposed test. This shows your understanding of how these tests apply to real-world material evaluation.
Organize Your Response: Structure your answers clearly with headings and subheadings for each section (e.g., “Flow Properties of PP Melt,” “Tensile Test Parameters”). This improves readability and makes your response more professional.
Justify Predictions Clearly: Make sure to directly connect your predictions about mechanical and thermal performance to the changes observed in the FTIR spectra and the stress-strain/thermal curves. This will strengthen your argument.

By using a well-organized approach, backing up your points with evidence, and being specific about the tests and parameters, you can improve the overall quality of your answers and boost your score!

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